#: locale=en
## Action
### PDF
PopupPDFBehaviour_A7F5B330_BD46_7E4B_41D6_441C9CBD6BAF.url = files/Sorbas%20Basin%20VFT%20guide_en.pdf
### URL
WebFrame_13F035B6_1C53_AA83_41BA_F37BE7FE8E3E.url = https://sketchfab.com/models/959b85b22f5d41d683bd04c80143706c/embed
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WebFrame_009A1294_1363_704D_4193_56EFBAAC54B1.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/_3VLEJ1aSR4
WebFrame_08A3DFD6_136F_EFCD_417C_546F6E1C6F0E.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/gHot_vGeQe8
VideoUrl_03EF5E92_1210_6601_4192_9889455F4AD9.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/DgflZuMCdbY?v=DgflZuMCdbY
## E-Learning
### Answer
questionOption_A234FE73_9B47_83FC_41DC_A814DB68892B.text = Azagador Member - Lower Abad Marls - Upper Abad Marls - Yesares Member - Sorbas Member
questionOption_A57DE469_9B41_87EC_41E2_E9E2BEB028B9.text = Continental
questionOption_C590765A_9BC1_832C_41E3_2DF97FD43790.text = Gradational
questionOption_C95A0DD2_9BC0_813C_41E2_CCDA625F0BC5.text = Gypsum increases in uppermost cycle compared to the lowermost one
questionOption_A5F583EE_9B41_80E4_41DD_0E4182A76115.text = Lacustrine
questionOption_A3362FC9_9B40_812C_41DB_55C3A62934C4.text = Marine
questionOption_C49BB529_9BC7_816C_41DE_5559D8381D57.text = Marl and gypsum are always present in similar ratio
questionOption_C4BE0BA5_9BC1_8164_41CB_B0B9A79818F1.text = Marl increases in uppermost cycle compared to the lowermost one
questionOption_C606CA05_9BC0_8324_41B5_0B229B0C2D28.text = Non-conformable
questionOption_C77F6A97_9BC1_8324_41C3_538060950852.text = Sharp
questionOption_BC2CA94A_99C0_812C_41D5_41552C2EDDC7.text = There is an active fault nearby
questionOption_A447C785_9B40_8124_41DA_C59ED06680FD.text = Upper Abad Marls - Lower Abad Marls - Azagador Member - Yesares Member - Sorbas Member
questionOption_B1EE7DDB_99CF_8123_41C6_FA5AE0C01946.text = We are close to the basin center
questionOption_B297742B_99C1_876C_4190_853729A5C054.text = We are close to the basin margin
questionOption_A4876DCC_9B40_8124_4195_C6A58608F1FE.text = Yesares Memeber - Lower Abad Marls - Upper Abad Marls - Sorbas Member
### Question
question_C8FCFA8B_9BC0_832C_4175_898F2B7E8A4C.title = How does the ratio marl-to-gypsum changes from the basal cycle to topmost cycle in the outcrop at this location?
question_C52165A0_9BC3_811C_41E2_0F644E414429.title = How would you describe the contact between the Yesares Member and the Sorbas Member?
question_BE877404_99C0_8724_41DA_010F4E7C0FF8.title = What is a likely explanation for the re-appearance of the Azagador Member at this locality?
question_A534944C_9B43_8724_41DF_B8F13AAE1763.title = What is the depositional environment of the sedimentary sequence visible at this location?
question_A300225C_9B43_8324_41E2_82B044CB7534.title = What is the sequence of stratigraphic units (from oldest to youngest) visible from this location?
### Question Screen
quizQuestion_25732AA7_0699_237A_4182_E411EB375029.ok = OK
### Report Screen
quizScore_25711AA8_0699_2376_417B_64F1E750D014.title = - SCORE -
quizScore_25711AA8_0699_2376_417B_64F1E750D014.completion = Completed
quizScore_25711AA8_0699_2376_417B_64F1E750D014.questionsCorrect = Correct
quizScore_25711AA8_0699_2376_417B_64F1E750D014.downloadCSV = Download .csv
quizScore_25711AA8_0699_2376_417B_64F1E750D014.questionsIncorrect = Incorrect
quizScore_25711AA8_0699_2376_417B_64F1E750D014.items = Items Found
quizScore_25711AA8_0699_2376_417B_64F1E750D014.questions = Questions
quizScore_25711AA8_0699_2376_417B_64F1E750D014.repeat = Repeat
quizScore_25711AA8_0699_2376_417B_64F1E750D014.submitToLMS = Submit
quizScore_25711AA8_0699_2376_417B_64F1E750D014.elapsedTime = Time
### Score Name
score1.label = Sorbas Basin VFT
### Timeout Screen
quizTimeout_25744AA7_0699_237A_417F_726E3ECE0C4B.title = - TIMEOUT -
quizTimeout_25744AA7_0699_237A_417F_726E3ECE0C4B.repeat = Repeat
quizTimeout_25744AA7_0699_237A_417F_726E3ECE0C4B.score = View Score
## Hotspot
### Tooltip
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_7B2B0655_6AA6_546C_41D5_12C9F8429BEF.toolTip = 3D model of gypsum cycles
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_006B62AC_1CB3_AE87_4197_2EEC8ADE5504.toolTip = Azagador limestone 3D model: located in the Rio Aguas valley, with white lower Abad marls above it.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_2FF9333A_0CF3_5302_4167_E966D955329D.toolTip = Bird's eye view towards SE (i.e. basin margin to contact with basement)
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_1BC37B76_0D93_B302_41A5_3D71B1E93C18.toolTip = Canyon entrance: click image to see close-up of collpsed gypsum block
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A827445C_BCCE_7AFB_41D6_AA09BEAC90FA.toolTip = Cariatiz Formation
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A5B31361_BD7A_9ECD_4191_54420D4FEC8C.toolTip = Cariatiz Formation
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_14D54DD6_073C_ACA9_4196_CDE4FB5CE3E4.toolTip = Click for info
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_0799A487_1230_DA0F_419E_01A4787763FD.toolTip = Close-up photo of lower and upper Abad marls, and gypsum cliffs
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_5A22C8AE_6BE6_5C3C_41AD_87646931411E.toolTip = Conglomerates and sandstones of the Cariatiz Formation: click for info
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A9B743B2_99C3_817C_41BC_91E8747C72B0.toolTip = Cross-bedding in sandstone of Cariatiz Formation. Stick is 1.3 m tall.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A8DEC62D_99C0_8364_41D4_156B41A730AA.toolTip = Go back to main Stop 6 panorama
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A877B222_99C7_831C_41D7_FCAFD4B2077F.toolTip = Go back to main Stop 6 panorama
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_AC74DCE7_99C0_80E4_41C6_9EB31D2038D0.toolTip = Go back to main Stop 7 panorama
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F9880476_AFC0_87E4_41B8_2DCCE1C881A1.toolTip = Go back to main panorama
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A5AF515C_BD7B_9AFB_41CB_35A8330F5B01.toolTip = Gochar Formation
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A9DAA18C_BCCA_9A5B_41E4_62AC660CA0EA.toolTip = Gocjhar Formation
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A973A650_BCCA_E6CB_41E5_FB432BD66B45.toolTip = Gocjhar Formation
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A9AB07D8_BCC9_A5FB_41E0_33883955B978.toolTip = Gocjhar Formation
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_AAF797F1_BCCA_65CD_41C0_9BC076D7C7D3.toolTip = Gocjhar Formation
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_BCDE235F_99C0_8124_41C0_102A344E561C.toolTip = Info window
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_592C3137_6B9A_4C2C_41D6_B098F33E64FA.toolTip = Limestones of the Azagador Member
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_141F97F0_073C_BC69_419B_06A960946F43.toolTip = Lower Abad Marls
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_30439F13_06FF_215A_4179_A7174C22FABC.toolTip = Lower Abad Marls
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_01DC1DF3_1230_EA07_41AF_F019B8BCBD99.toolTip = Lower Abad Marls, small leftover atop Azagador carbonates
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_58073459_6BE6_3464_41C0_F89AEFF9F03F.toolTip = Marls and calcarenites of the Sorbas Member
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_727F3739_6A9E_7424_41D6_769879EEF443.toolTip = Marls and calcarenites of the Sorbas Member
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_48D242B0_6BFA_CC24_41BA_67E4DF371360.toolTip = Open higher-resolution panorama at lower altitude
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A041F300_99C0_811C_41B3_A08563FC4898.toolTip = Paleobeach
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_B33132A9_99C0_836C_41BC_CDE4AB1A6C3B.toolTip = Panorama from this viewpoint
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_CA8E3151_9BC1_813C_41DE_05C0620EE1B3.toolTip = Quiz
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A5ADD0E0_9B40_7F1C_41E0_C76C870BCC29.toolTip = Quiz
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_BC11156D_99C0_81E4_41DF_6FA924859D29.toolTip = Quiz
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_7CC20311_6AE6_CDE4_4183_F038CF27703A.toolTip = Rio Aguas
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_73171C6B_6B66_5424_41D0_178C907DC3F8.toolTip = Sandstones and conglomerates of the Cariatiz and Gochar Formations
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_B4D838AA_99C0_8F6C_41D6_1926341C6FD7.toolTip = Small fault affecting only the lower part of the Cariatiz Formation (i.e. fault has been inactive since deposition of layers above it).
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A8700C30_BCCF_AA4B_41E4_3EA9509CC956.toolTip = Sorbas Member
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_111024B5_0D9C_D506_41A9_26B9874684A1.toolTip = Sorbas member of the Caños Formation
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_725002F1_6A9A_4C24_41D9_3F4758876836.toolTip = Town of Sorbas
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_155918BB_0715_74DF_4177_CB9FF9378300.toolTip = View of gypsum cliffs from Los Molinos village
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_31776F75_06F9_61DE_417A_80DC031B5EEE.toolTip = click for info
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_33F693CF_06E9_20CA_4177_2C166A1EC5D7.toolTip = click for info
HotspotMapOverlayArea_0ACEDC90_1C55_FA9F_4194_966C84C6F4AA.toolTip = stop 1
HotspotMapOverlayArea_0BE1461D_1C57_E981_418A_5BA0570EB45A.toolTip = stop 2
HotspotMapOverlayArea_0B042B81_1C56_9E81_41B0_BA8276B8FE17.toolTip = stop 3
HotspotMapOverlayArea_0BCA82F1_1C56_AE81_41A5_1A207A4B1443.toolTip = stop 4
HotspotMapOverlayArea_772A5B74_6BE6_5C2C_41C4_43459142BE80.toolTip = stop 5
HotspotMapOverlayArea_0B9537C9_1C55_9681_419E_1D301A6B9D71.toolTip = stop 6
HotspotMapOverlayArea_27419A16_31EA_0F4B_41C8_37432F3F5E6F.toolTip = stop 7
HotspotMapOverlayArea_04649309_1C55_6F81_41B6_C7B8C93D4DF3.toolTip = stop 8
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_723D7531_6A9A_7424_41CF_2AC21A87FA07.toolTip = water treatment plant
## Media
### Audio
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### Floorplan
### Image
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### Popup Image
### Title
video_AFEAFCC9_BCC6_EBDD_41D2_68F26D55C774.label = Flying pterodactly
photo_08F318D4_1210_EA01_4190_1DAF540E1F30.label = GE perspective stop1
panorama_F9691551_AFC0_813C_41AD_D172F5CB43FC.label = Gochar Fm E side
photo_137A40D2_0717_54A9_4173_AD10F515DD94.label = Los Molinos gypsum cliffs
panorama_B3B3097B_99C0_81EC_41CE_E2ABCDCB2400.label = Rambla Gochar lower
panorama_A3BB53CB_99C3_812C_41DD_E4BD59EFF55C.label = Rambla Mojonera
panorama_72732141_6ABA_CC64_41BA_47B80643D43E.label = Rambla de Gochar part panorama
map_C3726C60_CFB5_C38B_41DF_5DCA0BB026B5.label = Sorbas base map
panorama_8B448717_995F_8124_41DE_2C83191C0141.label = Stop 1- Panorama point
panorama_64A1BDA5_6AA6_742C_417E_F1C27BB29B09.label = Stop 4 - Rio Aguas gypsum
panorama_7D678CC8_6AA6_5464_4153_EA0E3A5FAAF0.label = Stop 6 - Rambla de Gochar
photo_7E83A8AC_6ABA_5C3C_41CF_AD99C479D164.label = one gypsum cycle
photo_0C7A6BC6_1210_2E01_41B2_0C072C3A47CC.label = selenite crystals
photo_30565204_12F0_FE01_419D_19DC056732AA.label = swallow tail
### Video
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## Popup
### Body
htmlText_E0453FF1_BBEE_4C86_41D7_52278AC4F2FC.html =
htmlText_365B824F_06EB_23CA_415B_C5A83EE105DC.html = STOP 1 - Panorama point
This virtual field trip takes you across the Sorbas sedimentary basin, from its oldest, marginal units, to the youngest units in the basin center.
The Sorbas basin is a marginal basin of the western Mediterranean, which began to fill in the Middle Miocene. It is, however, most famous for hosting one of the best examples of Messinian evaporites, with spectacular karst features.
From this panoramic point you can see pretty much everything from the marginal units (Azagador Member of the Turre Formation) all the way to the recent Quaternary deposits. Find the photos showing the gypsum cliffs, and look around the panorama to figure out where the different geologic units crop out: they have different colors, and different hardness, resulting in contrast between cliffs and gentler slopes.
The best example of the Azagador limestones is in the stream bed of the Rio Aguas a few km NE of here: find the 3D model. Here the limestones are overlain by the lower Abad marls, and you can see the contact well thanks to the color contrast (grey/orange limestone vs. white marls).
In the video (watch at half-speed to avoid motion sickness), the sequence from the Tortonian turbidites to the marls of the Sorbas member is traversed:
0:20 - 1:40 Tortonian turbidites.
1:40 - 2:00 Azagador Member calcarenites. Stop 1 is at 1:54.
2:00 - 2:55 Lower Abad marls (whitish).
2:55 - 3:25 Upper Abad marls (yellowish); at 3:12 the gypsum cliffs (Yesares Member) can be seen above the marls.
3:25 - 3:48 Yesares Member (greyish).
3:48 - 5:15 Marls of the Sorbas Member (yellowish), and occasional reappearance of gypsum.
After this point the road goes mainly through Quaternary deposits.
TASK 1: start to keep track of the different units by drawing a stratigraphic column, which will represent the geology visible between Stops 1 and 2. In order to assign thicknesses to the units, you will need to do some estimates or measurements on photos, 3D outcrop models, in Google Earth, and using the geologic map.
STOP 4 - Rio Aguas gypsum
Find the 3D model of the gypsum cycles from the Yesares Member in the cliffs along the river. The schematic internal structure of one gypsum cycle is shown in the figure.
TASK 3: sketch the entire gypsum outcrop in the 3D model, paying attention to the separate cycles (clearly mark the base of each one) and to the different types of gypsum within each cycle. Estimate the thickness of each cycle at this location, using all available information (3D model, photos).
Stop 6 - Rambla de Gochar
At this location we again encounter the Azagador Member.
Look around, and find out which other units are present here, and their relative stratigraphic position. Is the sequence of units the same as the one you found at Stop 1? Are some units missing? Are there other units that you have not encountered before?
TASK 5: draw a stratigraphic column at this location, which you will use in the final task. To estimate thickness of units, use all of the available information: geologic map (dip measurements and map distances), panorama and additional photos (look for buildings, cars, trees for scale), Google Earth (there you can get elevations, and use them to roughly estimate minimum thicknesses).
Calcarenites of the Azagador Member of the Turre Formation (Upper Tortonian).
Marls and diatomites of the Abad Member of the Turre Formation (Upper Tortonian to Lower Messinian). A better view is from Stop 2.
The Abad marls can be easily subdivided into a lower unit (whiter) and an upper one (yellower). This label that you clicked on is placed on the upper unit.
The cliffs are formed by resistant selenite gypsum (see photos, with a swallow-tail geminate obvious in the bottom image) of the Yesares Member of the Caños Formation (Middle Messinian).
In the river valley, caves in the gypsum have collapsed over time, resulting in giant gypsum blocks tumbling into the valley: find the photo in this panorama. The gypsum cliffs can be better seen from Stop 2.
The marl increases with respect to gypsum towards the top of the Yesares Member until marl is the only lithology present in the Sorbas Member, reflecting a gradual change in the sedimentation conditions in the basin.
This is the best outcrop of the Cariatiz Formation that we find during the VFT. It also crops out at Stop 7, but it is out of reach.
The Cariatiz Formation represents the transition between marine and continental environment, and this occurs at different times in different parts of the basin. Here at Stop 6 the deposits are sandstones and conglomerates that represent alluvial fans (this should help you answer the quiz).
Further south (i.e. Stops 7 and 8) the Cariatiz Formation is more marine-coastal in character, with mainly fine sediments.
View of the gypsum cliffs opposite the village of Los Molinos. Below the gypsum there are the yellowish marls of the upper Abad Member, and above the cliffs the marls of the Sorbas Member.
The entire sequence dips gently to the north (left in the photo), and the river valley runs approximately parallel to the dip direction of the beds. Therefore, from this photo you can estimate dips to use in your final geologic cross-section exercise.
Yes, the most likely explanation is that here we are getting closer to the margin, so a unit that is otherwise buried deep in the middle of the basin (e.g. at Stop 4) crops out again, like it did when we first entered the basin at Stop 1. Just a bit of incision here is enough to expose the Azagador Member. On the geologic map you can verify that there does not seem to be any active fault that could be responsible for recently uplifting this place.