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E-Learning ### Answer questionOption_D1C09D63_B01F_C3ED_41BA_516F110553CC.text = 14 Ma questionOption_D6BC6E35_B01E_4155_41E0_58104968C765.text = 56 Ma questionOption_72189FEE_7D88_C727_41CE_9963ACC0211A.text = Above the block and ash flow questionOption_54B15C78_77A3_8C15_41D7_D987164EBDDF.text = All pumices form with an oblong shape questionOption_6DA654AE_7D77_5927_41D8_AAE8CB741651.text = Below the block and ash flow questionOption_D3B7FFE5_B012_5EF5_41DA_B6A11B54C917.text = Columnar jointing questionOption_DD4AC838_B012_C15B_41B6_980A95472554.text = Flow banding questionOption_DC4A4BE8_B012_C6FB_41E1_1199571BF22C.text = Folding questionOption_6D439184_7D77_5BDB_41D9_752F12B7D2E3.text = Intercalated within the block and ash flow questionOption_5537A712_77A1_BC15_41D8_4E8B4A42DE78.text = It is only an optical effect from the road cut orientation questionOption_56A250B8_77A2_9415_41A2_5ADD0A44E80A.text = Pumices were flattened by overburden after deposition questionOption_562BC147_7763_B47B_41D6_48561AB5AFD6.text = The area was tectonically tilted after deposition questionOption_9F99C88D_CB0F_AC20_41D0_CFE473C714EB.text = The ignimbrite is older than 11.9 Ma questionOption_99A9F41C_CB0D_A420_41E6_1420ADAE5289.text = The ignimbrite is older than the andesitic breccia of Cerro Estorvillas questionOption_9551560B_CB0C_A420_41E2_542C41DD024B.text = The ignimbrite is younger than 11.9 Ma questionOption_9BADF48D_CB0C_E420_41E3_A1432727DE6D.text = The ignimbrite is younger than the pyroxene andesite of Cerro de Los Lobos (STOP 12) questionOption_57136A1F_7762_B40B_41AD_BA9D9E6E4B74.text = The pyroclastic flow deposited on a slope questionOption_56D62CE1_7762_8C37_41D2_0DC8C007B08E.text = There was turbulence in the flow questionOption_94132CB4_CB0C_E460_41CD_9CD9962D4B52.text = This ignimbrite could be the stratigraphic equivalent of the Playa Genoveses ignimbrite questionOption_99BAFAE1_CB0D_ADE0_41E5_DCCEECCD6358.text = This ignimbrite is younger than the block-and-ash flow of Cala Higuera questionOption_D0533D06_B01F_C337_41E6_16CD1AE4EB5E.text = Triassic questionOption_D735D8BD_B012_C155_41C2_87C7FE632578.text = normal questionOption_D6CA88D4_B012_412B_41E5_D05866ADE7FA.text = reverse questionOption_D3DD5817_B012_C155_41C0_0D4059734393.text = strike-slip ### Question question_6D4CB325_7D89_7F25_41D7_01D342FBBE8D.title = At this location, where are the nearest ignimbrites found? question_941BA805_CB0C_EC20_41E2_0307936EF557.title = From the relative position of the ignimbrite at this location, which ones of these statements are true? question_D682A1E9_B01E_42FD_41E5_91D568A633BC.title = How old (approximately) are the andesites of the Cabo de Gata lighthouse (Faro dome)? question_5672059A_7761_9C15_41C1_96BA0DE9792B.title = If you find non-horizontal alignment of flattened pumices, it means that... question_54B20657_77A1_FC1B_41C0_C2BBFED4CC39.title = Look at the image with holes left by pumices. Why are the holes elliptical instead of rounded? question_D69AEE8F_B015_C135_41DE_D59E266EA3DE.title = What is the dominant sense of motion (from what you can see) along the fault contact between the andesites and the tuff? question_D17C09F3_B013_C2ED_41A9_67665A4263D6.title = What is the main type of structure visible in the andesites at this location? ### Question Screen quizQuestion_DDFADEE6_66C1_4318_41D0_FC13A0AAE1F2.ok = OK ### Report Screen quizScore_DDFCAEE6_66C1_4318_41D5_215DD54FC7F8.title = - SCORE - quizScore_DDFCAEE6_66C1_4318_41D5_215DD54FC7F8.completion = Completed quizScore_DDFCAEE6_66C1_4318_41D5_215DD54FC7F8.questionsCorrect = Correct quizScore_DDFCAEE6_66C1_4318_41D5_215DD54FC7F8.downloadCSV = Download .csv quizScore_DDFCAEE6_66C1_4318_41D5_215DD54FC7F8.questionsIncorrect = Incorrect quizScore_DDFCAEE6_66C1_4318_41D5_215DD54FC7F8.items = Items Found quizScore_DDFCAEE6_66C1_4318_41D5_215DD54FC7F8.questions = Questions 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HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_DB4BD8F8_6640_C0E8_41BE_A22DB985284B.toolTip = 3D model of tuff sample HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F391B57D_B013_C3D5_41D0_41454999D2BD.toolTip = Cabo de Gata lighthouse HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_82FB723F_9A9E_9E9E_41D0_1B9339D838C1.toolTip = Cabo de Gata, andesitic dome HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_38ECB832_B07E_C16F_41E4_B24EB70FBE92.toolTip = Cala Rajá HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_C5E9ABDA_D485_BEB9_417D_647DB4954E40.toolTip = Cala Rajá 3D model HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_9252D608_CB1D_6420_41D3_E5B8E8448CB3.toolTip = Cerro Estorvillas HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_FB8A0DD6_B01E_42D7_41D7_2CDC09AD31A8.toolTip = Cerro de La Vela Blanca HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8F412B7A_9B99_8EA6_41C4_B671759B8E85.toolTip = Cerro de Vela Blanca HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_D814C447_B0F2_4135_41DB_EA9E1B0DDEDB.toolTip = Cerro de la Vela Blanca HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_2DC34096_B01D_C157_41D5_487C30309CF4.toolTip = Close-up photo 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Credits for materials
Wind sounds: Stilgar, SoundBible.com. Public domain.
Wave sound: Mike Koenig, SoundBible.com. Attribution 3.0.
Cicadas sounds: Mike Koenig, SoundBible.com. Attribution 3.0.
Car sounds: Mike Koenig, SoundBible.com. Attribution 3.0.
Funding
Most of the 3D outcrop models in this Virtual Field Trip were produced by Apoorv Avasthy thanks to funding by the Lehre@LMU program.
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STOP 1 - Cabo de Gata lighthouse
This field trip is an introduction to the volcanism of the Cabo de Gata volcanic province.
The choice of field stops is mostly based on the field guide by Oyarzun et al. ("The Cabo de Gata Miocene volcanics and the gold mining district of Rodalquilar - SE Spain: a field teaching guide"), from which part of the information for several of the stops has been derived. The guide should be used alongside the VFT instructions pdf to both cover some of the relevant background, and for more in-depth information on some of the field localities.
The volcanism in the Cabo de Gata region is linked to the collapse of the Betic orogen in the Mid-Late Miocene. It is bimodal (with products ranging from basaltic andesites to rhyolites), and dominantly calc-alkaline.
At this stop we can observe the oldest (13.3 Ma, from Soriano et al., 2014) andesites in the complex, which form a dome (El Faro dome), as well as tuffs of similar age and likely similar composition (though here they are bleached and difficult to examine). Look for the photos showing the contact between the andesites and tuff, which at this location is a fault.
Move closer to the andesites (follow the arrow down the cliff), and then check out the other type of dome nearby (a dacitic dome) at Punta Baja. There are two separate locations at Punta Baja to examine: make sure you visit both.
Afterwards, come back to the lighthouse.
Before you move on to STOP 2a, watch the movie, which takes you on a drive from here to the Cerro de la Vela Blanca (i.e. along the same road where stops 2a and 2b are located).
TASK 1: the main task in the course of this field trip is to reconstruct the stratigraphic relationships of all rocks you encounter, and to produce both a stratigraphic column, and a sketch showing the schematic relationships between units (see as an example the sketch shown here - from an entirely different place in the world, so yours will be very different). So keep track of ages (where mentioned), and of observations that you can make concerning relative position and whenever possible thicknesses (draw sketches along the way and take notes as needed).
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STOP 13 - Rambla de Las Negras, ignimbrite
At this location there is a well exposed outcrop of dacitic ignimbrite (find the 3D model).
Where do this ignimbrite and the andesitic breccia of Cerro Estorvillas fit in your volcanic stratigraphy?
This is the last stop of the trip. At this point you should be ready to put together the stratigraphic column, the sketch showing schematic relationships between units, all your other sketches and notes, and write a report about the trip.
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STOP 6 - Camino de Cala Higuera, block and ash flow
At this location there is a great example of a rare block-and-ash flow.
Blocks of lava are set in a highly recrystallized lapilli tuff of the same composition (amphibole dacite, with large euhedral hornblende crystals up to several mm long). This unit has been dated at 12.7 Ma by Soriano et al. (2014), and it is the basal one of the Los Frailes Caldera units, which are younger than the pre-caldera volcanic rocks ("lower volcanic units") that we have seen up to here.
Look for the 3D model of the block, and of the hand samples of both rock types The block displays columnar jointing. The columns are approximately 2-3 meters tall and 20-50 cm in diameter.
Blocks in this deposit go from car-sized to the size of a small cabin, and are the remnants of a lava flow blown apart by the gas explosion that produced the tuff. This deposit forms a lens-shaped body of lighter colored material dotted with darker patches that is easily identifiable on satellite images or aerial photos. It grades into massive dacite on the other side of the mountains.
This unit is cut by an andesitic dike (which one of the two units is younger?): find the 3D model of the dike, and sketch it (remember to place title, labels, orientation and scale on the sketch).
On top of the block and ash flow, there are ignimbrites: these are not visible from your current location, but they can be seen (bright white patches) in satellite imagery. Look for them when you carry out the task outlined below. From their stratigraphic position, do you think these are the same ignimbrites as the ones we have encountered so far (e.g. Cala Rajá, Playa Genoveses)?
These ignimbrites are in turn overlain by the basaltic andesites (9.3 Ma, Soriano et al., 2014) that form the top of the Los Frailes Caldera sequence (i.e. the Los Frailes peaks).
We will see which unit is directly below the block and ash flow at the next stop (STOP 7).
The map included here shows the relative position of several units encountered so far: ALB = autoclastic Monsul breccias, IG = Genoveses ignimbrites, RDD = red dacitic dome (the one we saw in San José), BAF = block and ash flow, BA = basaltic andesites (Los Frailes caldera).
TASK 4: Open Google Earth Pro, find this location, and use the path tool to map the boundary of the block and ash flow unit (look carefully around, because there may be additional patches separated from the one you are standing on). Include the andesitic dike that cuts across it, and add some geographic reference markers to your map (e.g. coastline, main roads, nearest town, spot elevations of hills around it), a north arrow, and a scale, and make it into a real geologic map.
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Cerro Estorvillas
This hill is capped by dark pyroxene andesite breccias (the equivalent of the Cerro Negro breccias just north of the town of Las Negras, on the coast).
These andesitic breccias have been dated as "older than 11.9 Ma" by Soriano et al., 2014.
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STOP 2a - Mirador del Poniente
From this roadside stop we can look back to the rock units between the lighthouse and Cala Rajá. We can also closely observe the Vela Blanca Formation (or "Vela Blanca Ignimbrite"), which is a rhyolitic pumice breccia, dated at 13.3 Ma by Soriano et al. (2014). It is the same ignimbrite visible from here down at the beach in Cala Rajá (find the photo and the 3D model), and it also forms the "Vela Blanca" at the base of the Cerro de la Vela Blanca.
This pyroclastic breccia is mainly composed of pumice (now altered to clays): check out the photos showing close-up views. It also contains lithics (e.g. andesite clasts, or even clasts from the metamorphic basement). Pumice clasts contain quartz, feldspar and biotite. Dikes cut across the breccia in several places.
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STOP 2b - Cerro de la Vela Blanca parking lot
The main feature at this location is the fault contact (F; look for the close-up photo) between an ash-fall deposit (well-layered brownish-gray tuffs along the road; look for the close-up photo) and a sequence of breccias and lavas (which constitute a dome). A sketch showing the relative position of breccia and massive lava in the dome is provided: find it.
The kinematic indicators (slickenlines and rock steps on slickensides) point to "hanging wall up" motion along this fault.
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Cerro de La Vela Blanca
Dome made of dark pyroxene andesite breccia, 13.3 Ma (Soriano et al., 2014), stratigraphically equivalent to the andesites found near the lighthouse at STOP 1.
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The Cerro de Vela Blanca is a dome made of massive dark pyroxene andesite, dated at 13.3 Ma by Soriano et al. (2014).
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What is the stratigraphic position of the ignimbrite with respect to the andesitic breccia of Cerro Estorvillas? And what is the age of the latter?
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What is the stratigraphic position of the ignimbrite with respect to the andesitic breccia of Cerro Estorvillas? And what is the age of the latter?
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Which way is gravity directed?
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hmm... how can the pumices flatten, if the flow is still moving? And how can a flow that is no longer moving be turbulent?
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Drone flight along southern end of Genoveses beach


In this video you can get a good look at the geologic units along the southern side of Playa Genoveses, and a panoramic view back towards the beach.


Along the southern cliff there are prominent yellowish rocks (close-up at 1:32 min.): this is the same pyroclastic sequence as that of the 3D outcrop model, just altered.
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Playa Genoveses, stratigraphic relationships


At the very beginning of the video, and at 1:06 min., you can see the dark Monsul autoclastic andesitic breccias sitting on top of the light gray pyroclastic sequence of Playa Genoveses.


1:33 min. and 1:50 min: great view of Pleistocene fossil dunes (light gray), behind and parallel to the modern sandy beach (beige).
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Pyroxene andesite.


Even though they stick out on weathered surfaces, are semi-transparent, and look like glass, the light colored crystals are all unaltered plagioclase, not quartz. Some crystals are large enough that the zonation is visible to the naked eye.
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